Description of a Novel, Surgically Implanted Neuromodulatory Technique Known As Bilateral Epidural Prefrontal Cortical Stimulation (Epcs) for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)Nolan R. Williams 4, Jaspreet Pannu *4, Brandon S. Bentzley *4, Thomas Hopkins *1, Bashar W. Badran 1, E. Baron Short 1, Mark S. George 1,2,3, Istvan Takacs 2, Ziad Nahas 5
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 2Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 3Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 5American University of Beirut Medical Center
We describe the implantation of 4 epidural stimulation paddles directly above the dura mater over both the left and right frontopolar and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Placement was verified using postoperative computed tomography (CT) coregistered with presurgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
